Gender issues are still under debate in Latin American societies, especially in the educational sphere; for this reason, the objective of the research was to know the experiences of high school teachers regarding gender issues in the classroom and during their university education. The research was qualitative, phenomenological and 22 teachers participated voluntarily. Unanimity was not found in the use of terms related to gender; most of the participants have been adapting their didactic strategies to give the same opportunities to (...) all their students; in addition, the role of the family in the formation of adolescents and in the construction of stereotypes is recognized. Finally, a lack in gender issues was evidenced in the educational proposal of teacher training centers. According to the above, there is still a long way to go in terms of gender issues in education and teacher training. (shrink)

This paper analyses the place of sortition in the political philosophy of Jacques Rancière. The idea of sortition is linked to a philosophical reflection on arithmetic equality and geometric equality. Thus, starting from an important work of Cornelius Castoriadis in this sense, we will analyze below the relationship of Rancière’s political philosophy with equality. Finally we will analyze the sortition and the place it occupies in his work. Bernard Manin’s work on ancient democracies and systems of representative government will help (...) us contextualize Rancière’s proposals on the use of random selection in politics. (shrink)

This study explores the micro-determinants of corruption tolerance among 1414 university students in Guatemala, a country grappling with significant corruption issues. By examining the attitudes of economics majors compared to students in other disciplines through ordered logistic regression analysis, we offer new insights into factors influencing corruption tolerance in a developing country setting. This approach, by focusing on a developing country, fills a research gap in the literature on the differences between economics students and their peers from other programs. We (...) find that economics students exhibit a greater tolerance for corruption. This result aligns with theories and research that suggest that economists show a profit-maximizing mindset, and distinctive values and fairness perceptions. Furthermore, our analysis reveals significant effects of gender and age on corruption tolerance, with women and older students reporting lower tolerance to corrupt practices. The study also uncovers the higher tolerance towards private versus public corruption. These findings provide valuable guidance for developing policies and educational initiatives to reduce corruption tolerance among future professionals in similar socio-economic environments. (shrink)

En The paradox of Addition and its dissolution (1969), Mario Bunge presenta algunos argumentos para mostrar que la Regla de Adición puede ocasionar paradojas o problemas semánticos. Posteriormente, Margáin (1972) y Robles (1976) mostraron que las afirmaciones de Bunge son insostenibles, al menos desde el punto de vista de la lógica clásica. Aunque estamos de acuerdo con las críticas de Margáin y Robles, no estamos de acuerdo en el diagnóstico del origen del problema y tampoco con la manera en la (...) que se proponen solucionarlo. En esta medida, en este texto mostraremos cómo la Regla de Adición sí trae problemas semánticos que pueden ser planteados desde diferentes perspectivas contemporáneas, como la extensionalidad del condicional, los principios proscriptivos y la validez conexiva. (shrink)

In recent years, the term populism has become indeed popular. Among its variants, a very particular one stands out. It is the so-called managerial populism, in which prominent businessmen have entered the arena of politics with a program focused on the regeneration of economic and social life. Donald Trump, perhaps, has been the most outstanding example. In this article, our aim is to analyze this phenomenon of managerial populism, addressing a number of issues. Firstly, we will discuss the emergence of (...) a certain type of charismatic leadership in business or management ideologies as a development that largely precedes the consolidation of these figures in the political scene; the implications of these ideologies in the political and social sphere; and the importance of the forms of discursive use of the concept of people in these popular discourses. (shrink)

El artículo muestra una estrategia metodológica para garantizar la dirección del proceso educativo para el desarrollo de la habilidad intelectual modelación en los estudiantes; devela sus principales fundamentos epistémicos, sus etapas y acciones esenciales. Para ello se aplicaron métodos científicos de investigación. La constatación de los resultados brinda evidencias positivas acerca de su pertinencia, al considerar el carácter coparticipativo y coprotagónico que adquieren las influencias educativas en el contexto institucional en la dirección de un proceso educativo único. The article shows (...) a methodological strategy to ensure the teaching process direction in order develop intellectual skill modeling in students; It reveals its main epistemic foundations, its stages and essential actions. That is the reason for which different research scientific methods were applied. Verification of results provides positive evidence of its pertinence when considering the collaborative nature of the educational influences within the institutional context in the direction of a unique educational process. (shrink)

Este artículo examina la jurisprudencia constitucional relativa a la legitimación en la Jurisdicción de lo Contencioso-Administrativa, en general, y sobre la legitimación de las asociaciones, particularmente, haciendo hincapié en la importancia de esta cuestión para la protección de los derechos constitucionales y la protección de los intereses colectivos. El autor, recordando que la legitimación activa plazo es la capacidad de una parte para demostrar a la corte que existe una vinculación suficiente con el objeto procesal a fin de justificar su (...) participación en el caso (algo que perder, algo para ganar), las notas el papel del Tribunal Constitucional español en subrayar que la legitimación activa debe interpretarse en sentido amplio, en contraste con otra sentencia más restrictivas en la jurisprudencia administrativa. La interpretación amplia de la legitimidad está estrechamente vinculada no solo con los derechos de acceso a la justicia (especialmente intensa cuando se determina la imposibilidad de obtener una respuesta judicial inicial) y el derecho constitucional a la tutela judicial efectiva, sino también para controlar judicial efectiva y la acción firme de la Administración con arreglo a Derecho por los tribunales, lo que permite combatir las prácticas corruptas y los casos de abuso del poder público. En resumen, la interpretación amplia de legitimación es la mejor solución contra los conceptos anticuados que impiden el acceso a la justicia. (shrink)

Adaptive optics are techniques used for processing the spatial resolution of astronomical images taken from large ground-based telescopes. In this work, computational results are presented for a modified curvature sensor, the tomographic pupil image wavefront sensor, which measures the turbulence of the atmosphere, expressed in terms of an expansion over Zernike polynomials. Convolutional neural networks are presented as an alternative to the TPI-WFS reconstruction. This technique is a machine learning model of the family of artificial neural networks, which are widely (...) known for its performance as modeling and prediction technique in complex systems. Results obtained from the reconstruction of the networks are compared with the TPI-WFS reconstruction by estimating errors and optical measurements. The reconstructed wavefronts from both techniques are compared for wavefronts of 153 Zernike modes. For this case, a detailed comparison and grid search to find the most suitable neural network is performed, searching between multi-layer perceptron, CNN and recurrent networks topologies. In general, the best network was a CNN trained for TPI-WFS reconstruction, achieving better performance than the reconstruction software from TPI-WFS in most of the turbulent profiles, but the most significant improvements were found for higher turbulent profiles that have the lowest r0 values. (shrink)

RESUMEN Se realizó un estudio con el objetivo de comparar las características de la conducta prosocial en adolescentes con dificultades para aprender y sus pares sin este antecedente. Estuvo integrado por 44 adolescentes, distribuidos en dos grupos. Se emplearon la entrevista semiestructurada, los cuestionarios de Conducta Prosocial, Conducta Antisocial y de Aislamiento y Soledad a los adolescentes. El procesamiento de los datos se realizó a través del SPSS v.15 en español específicamente la prueba U de Mann Withney. Se apreciaron diferencias (...) entre los grupos en cuanto a la influencia familiar. El comportamiento prosocial en ambos grupos no mostró diferencias significativas. La conducta antisocial aportó diferencias significativas con respecto a las dimensiones aislamiento y retraimiento/ansiedad sobre la dimensión de agresividad. Los indicadores de aislamiento y soledad resultaron más elevados en los adolescentes con dificultades para aprender. ABSTRACT The objective of the study was comparing the characteristics of prosocial behavior in adolescents with Difficulties to Learn and their couples without this antecedent. It was integrated by 44 adolescents. They were used the interview, the questionnaires of Prosocial Behavior, Antisocial Behavior and of Isolation and solitude to the adolescents. El prosecution of the data was carried out through the SPSS v.15 in Spanish, specifically the test U of Mann Withney. Differences were appreciated among the groups as for the family influence. The prosocial behavior in both groups didn't show significant differences. The antisocial behavior contributed significant differences with regard to the dimensions isolation and reserve/anxiety over the dimension of aggressiveness. The isolation indicators and solitude were higher in the adolescents with Difficulties to Learn. (shrink)

We consider the concept of poverty from the asset-accumulation approach and propose an integrated framework, building upon existing theories, to describe how the interconnected factors of trust (or lack thereof) and social distance can reinforce poverty traps. Social distance is influenced by choice, while trust is the symptom that defines the strength of social ties on a group. We look at how an absence of trust influences how households make decisions about the use and accumulation of assets in ways that (...) could perpetuate poverty. Weak trust also affects how groups interact with each other in a society, creating “trust clusters” within homogeneous groups and antagonism across groups, which in turn affects aspirations and leads to an erosion of the basis of a social contract. For more effective and sustainable poverty reduction, we need to understand these linkages and address them systematically. (shrink)

The process of democratic consolidation in Mexico has not resolved the issues of trust in public institutions due to the lack of mechanisms to implement public policies related to transparency and accountability. Municipal governments have struggled to meet transparency and accountability obligations due to the heterogeneity in their demographic, economic, cultural, and institutional composition. In the case of Sonora, most municipalities have faced difficulties in fulfilling these basic information obligations on their portals and assuming responsibility for the management of resources. (...) The aim of this study is to explain the main factors that have hindered the fulfillment of these transparency and accountability obligations in the municipalities of the state of Sonora and to analyze the institutional instruments involved. This research reveals findings on the relationship between transparency and accountability policies and the municipal institutional design, and how the latter has represented an obstacle for the efficient implementation of these policies in Sonora’s municipalities. (shrink)

As a result of recent corporate scandals, several rules have focused on the role played by Boards of Directors on the planning and monitoring of corporate codes of ethics. In theory, outside directors are in a better position than insiders to protect and further the interests of all stakeholders because of their experience and their sense of moral and legal obligations. Female directors also tend to be more sensitive to ethics according to several past studies which explain this affirmation by (...) early gender socialization, the fact that women are thought to place a greater emphasis on harmonious relations and the fact that men and women use different ethical frameworks in their judgments. The goal of this paper is to determine the influence of these characteristics of the Board in terms of promoting and hindering the creation of a code of ethics. Our findings show that a greater number of female directors does not necessarily lead to more ethical companies. Moreover, within Europe as a continent, board ownership leads to an entrenchment of upper-level management, generating a divergence between the ethical interests of owners and managers. In light of this situation, the presence of independent directors is necessary to reduce such conflicts. (shrink)

El aislamiento social y educativo vivido a nivel mundial por el SARS-CoV-2 imprimió retos a docentes, estudiantes y padres de familia, entre ellos, hacer uso de distintas herramientas informáticas y tecnológicas para realizar tareas y comunicarse. Las redes sociales sirvieron como punto de encuentro dando paso a comunidades virtuales de aprendizaje para quienes tenían dudas académicas, tecnológicas e incluso de apoyo emocional. Desde este escenario se plantea el presente estudio, analizando los participantes, interacciones y recursos compartidos que ayudaron para adquirir (...) ofortalecer las competencias digitales, a través de una etnografía virtual al grupo“Aprende en Casa 6° de Primaria”. (shrink)

Towards the end of fragment 1 of his Poem, Parmenides puts forward two methods or paths that a priori explain the same object of study: the existence of the fact or state of being. One of the options leads to the core of the truth and is, therefore, pursued. The other is merely a set of contradictory opinions and is, accordingly, abandoned. These two paths are expounded in the rest of the Poem, while fragment 4 shows that even the erroneous (...) conception, which had to be set aside, can still be fruitful. Once the firm foundation of truth has been established, fragments 10 and 11 propose to widen the inquiry to the whole of reality. This interpretation suggests a rejection of the arrangement of the Poem that has become canonical, and a criticism of the doxographic tradition that since Aristotle has “Platonised” the philosophy of Parmenides by assimilating the “opinions” (which are only points of view) to the “appearances” (in the Platonic sense of the term). (shrink)

According to Aristotle, the "object" of study of the first philosophers was the φύσις. Even though the term appears for the first time in Heraclitus, the early answers to the question "what is the 'being' of τὰ ὄντα" present already it as a source of active and dynamic life, according to the etymology of φύσις. This is the meaning in Homer (Od. X.303), and this is also the case of water (Thales), air (Anaximenes), and the γόνιμα contained in the φύσις (...) ἄπειρον (Anaximander, apud Ps.-Plutarch). The φύσις of Heraclitus inherits this meaning, because, for him, reality, "changing, is at rest" (fr. 84a). (shrink)

Las ciencias y las tecnologías nos han dado un enorme poder de transformación de nuestro entorno como nunca antes habíamos tenido. Actualmente las ciencias aplicadas y las tecnologías son orientadas por un instrumentalismo tecnocrático caracterizado por una razón instrumental, una pretensión de neutralidad y una visión de la naturaleza que privilegia el desarrollo de instrumentos técnicos como fines en sí mismos o en función de los valores financieros y reduce el medioambiente a su mera utilidad económica. Este artículo tiene el (...) objetivo de presentar como la teología de la creación y de la acción humana co-creadora contribuye a reorientar las ciencias aplicadas y las tecnologías hacia resolver los problemas de la humanidad y a adaptar responsablemente el medioambiente para hacerlo viable a la humanidad presente y futura, cuidando como administrador prudente el mundo creado. Esas contribuciones requieren de una mediación ética y axiológica que ponga al ser humano, sus relaciones sociales y al medioambiente por encima de las cosas-instrumentos. (shrink)

According to the “orthodox” version of Parmenides’ Poem, version generally accepted as vox dei, the “Way of Truth” begins in fragment 2 of the Poem (because fragment 1 is only a kind of introduction) and ends at verse 50 of fragment 8. The “Way of the Doxa”, on the other hand, begins at verse 51 of fragment 8 and ends at fragment 19. We believe it will not an be exaggeration to say that this text could be signed by most (...) specialists interested in the Parmenidean philosophy, even the most eminent ones. Now, apart from a few words, this passage implicitly supposes a whole series of hypotheses, generally accepted without prior justification, hypotheses which, once analyzed, necessarily lead one to support the non-existence in Parmenides of either a “Way of Truth” or a “Way of Doxa”. (shrink)

El propósito del presente trabajo consiste en poner en valor un modelo de innovación abierto y responsable para el desarrollo tecnológico. Este modelo permite poner en tela de juicio la cultura científica que entiende el proceso de generación de conocimiento en términos de monopolios y oligopolios, privilegiando en enfoque de arriba hacia abajo. Este enfoque presenta un déficit comunicativo entre los expertos tecnólogos y los demás grupos de interés y afectados por la tecnología. En ese sentido, es importante promover una (...) investigación e innovación responsables, estableciendo de ese modo un hilo comunicativo entre lo deseable y lo aceptable. Además, las tecnologías despliegan su actividad en contextos morales y por lo tanto presentan una dimensión política y social que exige llevar a cabo una evaluación ética. Este artículo es el resultado de una investigación bibliográfica. (shrink)

En 1795, G.G. Fülleborn publia un travail sur Parménide dans lequel, pour la première fois, on proposa un arrangement des fragments du Poème en deux parties, l’ Alétheia (fr. 1 à 8.50 DK) et la Dóxa (fr. 8.51 à 18 DK). L’auteur avoue s’être inspiré de Simplicius, et cette division devint canonique. Or, le critère utilisé par Simplicius est une conséquence de la « platonisation » de Parménide, esquissée déjà par Aristote, qui trouve chez l’Éléate la dichotomie « sensible / (...) intelligible ». Conséquence : il y aurait dans le Poème une théorie sur l’être et aussi sur les apparences. Il suffit de regarder ce que Parménide lui-même établit comme « vérité » et ce qu’il considère comme « dóxa » pour réfuter ce schéma et trouver dans le Poème une place pour les textes « physiques », qui ne correspondent pas à la « doxa », étant donné qu’ils ne sont ni trompeurs ni décevants. (shrink)

Even if Plato never claimed to be a ‘historian of philosophy’, there are in his dialogues many references to previous philosophers. Apart from his works on the Sophists, which do not claim to faithfully expose the ‘philosophy’ of their authors, we find in Plato’s dialogues comments and sometimes quotations from the Presocratics, from Thales to Philolaos. In some cases, Plato adds the name of the quoted philosopher, but sometimes he leaves to the reader the task of finding out who the (...) commented or quoted author is. This is the case with Melissos in a passage of the Sophist (244b), where his name is not quoted, but an anonymous monistic philosopher expounds a literal quotation of the philosopher: ἓν μόνον ἔστιν (fr. B 8.1 DK). (shrink)

La investigación en tecnología con fines militares se ha profundizado en las últimas décadas debido al desarrollo de la inteligencia artificial, como puede observarse en los drones o vehículos aéreos no tripulados. El despliegue de estos artefactos en el campo de batalla está suscitando importantes problemáticas y controversias éticas. En ese sentido, el propósito de esta trabajo gira en torno a la necesidad de plantear una reflexión ética sobre el diseño y finalidad de los drones desde el modelo de Investigación (...) e Innovación Responsables, con el objetivo de reorientar su empleo hacia fines humanitarios y cívicos. (shrink)

La dificultad de captar el pensamiento de Parménides llevó a los intérpretes ya en la Antigüedad a encarar su filosofía según esquemas de pensamiento posteriores. Fue el caso de Aristóteles, cuya interpretación fue heredada por su discípulo Teofrasto y por sus comentadores, especialmente Simplicio. Simplicio, neoplatónico y aristotélico a la vez, propuso una interpretación, fuertemente dualista, que no se encuentra en las citas recuperadas. En 1789 G.G.Fülleborn, inspirándose en Simplicio, propuso una división del Poema en dos “partes”, aceptada hoy en (...) forma unánime, y que debe ser revisada y rechazada con urgencia. (shrink)

La Déesse de Parménide annonce toujours que les δόξαι sont un produit humain. Mais il y a un point qui n'a pas été en général remarqué dans les études consacrées à l'étude des δόξαι: elles décrivent une activité humaine qui consiste a expliquer la réalité par la présence de principes opposés, et qui est toujours en rapport avec la "nomination". Il y avait à l'époque de Parménide une école qui correspondait à ce portrait robot, ou s'agit-il d'un collage de Parménide? (...) Quoi qu'il en soit, il est attesté la présence d'une branche du Pythagorisme qui se caractérisait, précisément, pour "placer" des noms sur les choses. (shrink)

El término lógos fue objeto de un crecimiento desmesurado desde que los filósofos descubrieron su riqueza, y sus múltiples transfiguraciones, lo cual impide traducirlo de una manera unívoca. Ya en Heráclito su significación es múltiple, y, un siglo después, Platón lo utiliza dos mil cuatrocientas ochenta y tres veces. Este crecimiento desmesurado se explica: tanto la expresión (escrita u oral) del pensamiento, que es el discurso, presente ya en Heráclito, como la relación entre nociones, que es el razonamiento, procedimiento introducido (...) por Parménides, son los dos matices que monopolizará lógos a partir de Platón, surgidos naturalmente de su raíz (el discurso une palabras; el razonamiento, argumentos). Aristóteles hará del lógos, con el significado de “habla”, la esencia del ser humano, y finalmente, con el estoicismo, la irresistible ascensión de la noción culminará con su significado de razón. (shrink)

The definition of the sophist as "image-maker" allows Plato to add to the novelties he presents in the _Sophist_ two topics he hadn't deepened in his previous dialogues: (a) a "definition" of being (247e) and (b) the influence this position will have on the relationship between image and truth. From a first definition of the image proposed by Theaetetus in 240a we deduce that, even if it is not true, it is "really" (_óntos_) an image, which does not coincide with (...) the devalued or secondary reality that Plato had always attributed to this notion, from which all truth was absent. This conclusion, indeed, astonishes Theaetetus, attached to the Platonic "orthodoxy". This astonishment is not present in the orthodox version of the text of the passage 240a-c of the _Sophist_, which inherits from a modification of the widespread text from 1851. Once the original version is restored, the definition of the fact of being proposed in 247e justifies the "really real" character of the image, which respects the condition required to everything that "possesses" being: the possibility of acting or being affected. Indeed, the image is "affected" by the model, that it tries to imitate, because the model "affects" it. The image, even if it is not true, is real. (shrink)

Tras los procesos de investigación e innovación en el campo de la inteligencia artificial subyacen relaciones políticas que pueden ser sometidas a una reflexión ética. La ciencia cívica pone en valor la comunicación como una herramienta para fortalecer los vínculos democráticos entre los entornos científicos y la ciudadanía. En este sentido, el propósito de este trabajo gira en torno a la formulación del concepto de inteligencia artificial responsable impulsado desde los laboratorios abiertos como un espacio deliberativo para hacer posible el (...) cultivo de habilidades cívicas y democráticas en el contexto tecnológico. Proporcionando de ese modo una orientación pragmática y fronética de los sistemas artificiales hacia los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Este trabajo es el resultado de una investigación bibliográfica. (shrink)

En este trabajo, proporcionamos diversas estrategias para el fomento de la motivación y participación del alumnado en la creación de vídeos educativos sobre resolución de problemas de olimpiadas matemáticas, compartiendo sus propuestas en plataformas virtuales. Asimismo, presentamos metodologías que permiten el desarrollo de habilidades lingüísticas, de resolución de problemas y de iniciativa de los estudiantes mediante la creación de sus propios vídeos, así como un uso práctico de la plataforma Genial.ly para la disposición de múltiples formatos (audiovisual, textual, etc.) que (...) favorezcan la inclusión de personas con necesidades auditivas. (shrink)

En este artículo, partiendo de la crítica que hace Gadamer en Verdad y Método al concepto de autosignificatividad de la percepción de Richard Hamann, queremos mostrar lo abstracto de la pretensión de una percepción pura y cómo ella siempre remite a generalidades más amplias. Para reforzar esta perspectiva recurrimos a Martin Heidegger en Ser y tiempo con el fin de entender el concepto de ser-a-la-mano y todo el conjunto de remisiones que lo conforman. Con éste concluiremos sobre la necesidad de (...) suponer contextos relacionales más amplios y fundamentales como base de abstracciones particulares como la obra de arte y el dato empírico en la ciencia. Critique of pure perception. A phenomenological and hermeneutic approach In this article, based on the critique of Gadamer in Truth and Method to Richard Hamman’s concept of “autosignificance” of perception, we want show how abstract the assertion of a pure perception is and how it always refers to broader generalities. To reinforce this perspective we turn to Martin Heidegger’s Being and time in order to understand the concept of ready-to-hand and the whole set of remissions it comprises. With this we conclude on the need to assume broader, more fundamental relational contexts as the basis of particular abstractions such as works of art and the empirical datum in science. (shrink)

The adventure of philosophy began in Greece, where it was gradually developed by the ancient thinkers as a special kind of knowledge by which to explain the totality of things. In fact, the Greek language has always used the word onta , "beings," to refer to things. At the end of the sixth century BCE, Parmenides wrote a poem to affirm his fundamental thesis upon which all philosophical systems should be based: that there are beings. In By Being, It Is (...) , Nestor-Luis Cordero explores the richness of this Parmenidean thesis, which became the cornerstone of philosophy. Cordero's textual analysis of the poem's fragments reveals that Parmenides' intention was highly didactic. His poem applied, for the first time, an explicative method that deduced consequences from a true axiom: by being, it is . To ignore this reality meant to be a victim of opinions. This volume explains how without this conceptual base, all later ontology would have been impossible. This book offers a clear and concise introduction to the Parmenidean doctrine and helps the reader appreciate the imperative value of Parmenides's claim that "by being, it is." "This thorough and controversial book will certainly be valued highly by the international community of scholars devoted to the study of ancient philosophy as well as by educated readers worldwide." --Alfonso Gomez-Lobo, Georgetown University " By Being, It Is offers a meticulous discussion of one of the most puzzling theses in the history of philosophy. It is a highly challenging piece of work from a philosophical viewpoint, an outstanding model of philological work, and a contribution that causes anyone interested in philosophical matters to reflect." --Marcelo D. Boeri, National Council for Scientific and Technological Research, Argentina "Parmenides' importance consists in the fact that he represents an absolute beginning in history, and particularly in the history of thought. We can understand why, for more than twenty years now, N.L. Cordero has devoted tremendous efforts to understanding the few verses that remain to us of this Poem. The result is the present book, characterized by its completeness and its rigor. It is an essential work on a seminal author." --Luc Brisson, National Council for Scientific Research, France. (shrink)